Applications+and+Implications



__**Applications for the Classroom:**__
 * __ Reference groups: __**
 * Develop a set of students who are at the top of the class to determine pacing
 * Use reference group for a norm-when they are lost or confused, the pace is too fast
 * Use middle achiever group for a norm-when they look bored, the pace is too slow
 * The pacing will be appropriate for 75% of the students to complete and learn tasks
 * Use peer tutors or reteach concepts to support slower learners
 * Savage 1999

__**"Praise-Prompt-Leave"**__

Student desks should be easily accessible to the teacher, alternate/supplemental directions are visible to students (on charts whiteboard), a system needs to be used to signal teacher assistance (i.e. green card/red cards)
 * __Praise:__ Provide specific praise to the student for something they are doing correctly (i.e. they started looking in the right spot in the dictionary)
 * __Prompt:__ hint towards the next step and provide feedback of what they may be doing incorrectly (i.e they should be looking in the "sc" section for the word scale)
 * __Leave:__ The teacher should leave the child's work station immediately to assist another student.
 * Jones, 1987

__**Implications for Teachers:**__ __Weinstein & Mignano, 2007, suggest Challenges of Seatwork:__

__For the Student:__
 * "Completing work on their own."
 * "Understanding how and when to get the teacher's help"
 * Understanding norms for assisting peers."
 * "Learning how to be effective in obtaining help from peers."
 * Weinstein & Mignano 2007

__Weinstein & Mignano, 2007, suggest the following tips for using independent work effectively:__
 * "Assign work that is clear and meaningful"
 * "Match the work to varying achievement levels"
 * "Make sure that oral directions are clear"
 * "Monitor behavior and comprehension"
 * "Teach children what to do if they get stuck"
 * "Plan for ragged endings"
 * "Find alternatives to workbook pages (e.g., authentic reading and writing, listening activities, working on ongoing projects, learning center tasks)."
 * Weinstein & Mignano 2007

For more information about Scaffolding click here: []

For more information for checklists to keep students on task during seatwork click here: []